Lekcja kulturowa - język angielski przez stulecia

Szkoła ponadgimnazjalna
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Cele lekcji: zapoznanie uczniów z wczesnymi etapami rozwoju języka angielskiego

Materiały: karta pracy ucznia.

Konspekt lekcji:

1) Trzy okresy, na które dzielimy historię języka angielskiego.
2) Przykład tekstu w języku Old English, Middle English i Modern English : modlitwa Ojcze Nasz. Zapoznaję uczniów z wymową tekstu, zaznaczając, że jest to tylko hipoteza naukowa. Następnie uczniowie analizują teksty porównując je ze znanymi sobie wersjami współczesnymi (angielską i polską). Zwracam uwagę uczniów na słowa, które nie przetrwały do czasów współczesnych bądź zmieniły znaczenie.
3) Ludy germańskie osiadające w Anglii i ich dialekty.
4) Kwestia "literatury" przy braku pisma. Tradycja oralna.
5) Alfabet runiczny "Futhorc" i jego zastosowania.
Uczniowie oglądają alfabet runiczny i próbują zapisać w nim własne imię, nazwisko i adres.
6) Przybliżenie gramatyki języka Old English : uczniowie analizują przykładowe tablice gramatyczne: odmiana przymiotnika z rzeczownikiem, odmiana czasownika, formy czasu przeszłego, partykuły i znajdują podobieństwa i różnice w stosunku do współczesnego języka angielskiego. (Pyles, str. 113-132)
Zagadnienia, do których mają dojść uczniowie:
-obecność przypadków i końcówek odmiany
-obecność liczby podwójnej
-podobieństwo odmiany czasownika i rzeczownika do języka niemieckiego.
7)Słownictwo.
Uczniowie mają podane różne słówka w starej pisowni: dni tygodnia, części ciała, nazwy członków rodziny, przyimki. Ich zadaniem jest znaleźć i wpisać współczesne odpowiedniki. Praca ma zapoznać uczniów z przykładami słów pochodzenia germańskiego w języku angielskim.
8) Zapożyczenia z innych języków: Łacina, Old Norse.
Zadanie 7 może stanowić pracę domową.

Bibliografia:
Thomas Pyles The Origin and Development of the English Language. Harcour, Brace and World: New York, Chicago and Burlingame 1964
A Speller's Companion. Brown and Brown: Wighton, Cumbria 2001

Karta pracy ucznia:

There are three main periods in the history of the English language:

OLD ENGLISH mid 5th century – mid 11th century
MIDDLE ENGLISH mid 11th century – mid 15th century
MODERN ENGLISH mid 15th century – now

Old English – 990
Þu ure faeder • þe eart on heofonum • sy ðin nama gehalgod • Cume ðin rice • Sy ðin wylla on eorðan swaswa on heofonum • Syle us todaeg urne daeghwamlican hlaf • And forgyf us ure gyltas swaswa we forgyfað ðamþe wið us agyltað • And ne laed ðu na us on costnunge • ac alys us fram yfele •

Middle English – 1380
Oure fadir þat art in heuenys. halewid be þi name. þi kyngdom come to. be þi wille don as in heuene and in erþe give to us þis day oure breed ouer oþer substaunse. and forgiue to us oure dettes. as and we forgiuen to oure dettouris. and leede us not into temptacioun. but delyuere us from yuel

Modern English – 1611
Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our debts as we forgive our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil: For thine is the kingdom, and the power, an the glory, for ever.

Old English

Old English was a group of closely connected Western-Germanic dialects. They were distinct on the continent and the distinctions grew further after the tribes settled in Britain.
Dialects:
West Saxon
Kentish ┐
Mercian ┤Anglian dialects
Northumbrian ┘
Other dialects did exist but we have no evidence of them. The dialect of East Anglia, which was the father of modern Standard English, is unknown to us.
Literacy, that is the capability of producing written messages, was unknown to the Anglo-Saxons. The main spheres of literacy – literature, law, history – were passed on by oral tradition. The 'lögusagn madr' – law saying man was a person, whose job was to know all the law by heart and recite it when necessary.

Futhorc
The Futhorc was the writing system of the Anglo-Saxons; it was named after the first six runes.

Write your name and address in runes: ____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

The word 'rune' comes from Old English 'rūn' – a mystery, the word 'write' from 'wrītan' - to engrave. To 'read' – 'rædan' meant to decipher a magical message or to give advice. The runemaster was a man responsible for foretelling the future, no political decision was taken without consulting one.
Each rune had a name of its own, starting with the sound. The runes þ – thorn and wynn were the only runes taken over by Christian scribes.
The futhorc developed in Scandinavia. Over 1000 runic inscriptions have been found, most in Denmark; only 70 in the British isles, mostly Scotland. Runic script survived the adoption of Christian faith – it was used for carving. The Ruthwell Cross, a masterpiece of Anglo-Saxon sculpture, contains 18 lines from the Christian poem 'Dream of the Rood' (Ruthwell, Dumfriesshire)

Old English grammar was very similar to German grammar: it had noun declension with five cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and instrumental) and three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter). Like Modern English, it only had endings for the present and the past tense, but it had verb endings for different persons, like in German.
What is interesting is that there was a dual pronoun: ‘wit’ – we both, ‘wē’ – we all, ‘git’ – you both, ‘gē’ – you all

Some verbs that are irregular now were regular, ...whereas some were already irregular.
cēpan (keep) cēpte gecēped drifan (drive) drāf gedrifen
hieran (hear) hierde gehiered singan (sing) sang gesungen
þencan (think) þōhte geþōht sprecan (speak) spraec gesprecen

English words of Germanic origin

Here are some words that date back to Old English. Some of them kept their spelling:
e.g and, to, under, on, for, of, in
Others have changed their spelling a little.
Match the Old English words with their modern spelling:

Old English: Modern English:
aefter
beforan
behindan
bi
eall
hwaet?
hwy?
ofer
uppan
aet

over
behind
by
at
before
why
all
after
up
what

Who are these family members:

OE: ModE:
faeder
moder
sunu
dohtor
sweoster
brothor

What did they eat?
OE: ModE:
bread
butere
milc
sealt
hunig
cese


Put these numbers in order:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
an nigon siex feower tyn fif eahta twa seofon thri



What are these body parts?
nosu
aarm
heorte
lippe
eare
haer
hand
finger
cneo
fot
heafod
breost

Days of the week
Modern English: Old English:
Monandaeg day of the moon
Tiwesdaeg day of Tiw – god of war and the sky
Wodnesdaeg day of Woden – god of war, wisdom and poetry
Thunresdaeg day of Thunor – god of thunder, sky and weather
Frigesdaeg day of Frig – goddess of love and fertility
Saeternesdaeg day of the planet Saturn
Sunnandaeg day of the sun

Old English borrowed words from other languages: mainly Latin and Old Norse (the language of Danish Vikings)
The words that came into Old English from Latin before the settlement in Britain were connected with trade (e.g. cheap, monger, pound, mint, wine, kettle) and war (e.g. camp, wall, pit, street, car). After the introduction of Christianity words connected with religion (e.g. Altar, angel, candle, hymn, noon, nun) and learning (e.g. School, master, grammar, rule, verse, metre) were borrowed.
Old Norse was so similar to Old English that a bilingual conversation could be held. A lot of Old Norse words replaced Old English words (e.g. Take, sky, sister, fellow, die) or changed their meaning (eg. bread - OE 'a piece of sth', dream - OE 'joy', wicing - OE 'one who makes camp)
There are only two words in English which come from the language of the Celts: 'bin' and 'crag'.